Effective Grad School Recommendation Letters

Youve been asked to write a letter of recommendation. No easy task. What makes a recommendation letter good? Effective letters of recommendation have these 8 characteristics in common. 8 Simple Characteristics to Feature Explains how you know the student. What is the context for your evaluation? Was the student in your class, an advisee, a research assistant?Evaluates the student within your area of knowledge. Within the context in which you know the student, how did he or she perform? How effective is a research assistant?Evaluates the students academic capacity. This is easy if the student was in your class. What if the student is not? You can refer to his or her transcript, but only very briefly as the committee will have a copy. Dont waste space talking about the objective material they already have. Talk about your experience with the student. If a research assistant, you should have some grasp on his or her academic competence. If an advisee, refer briefly to your discussions and provide clear examples that illustrate academic potential. If you have little as academic contact with the student, then make a broad evaluative statement and use evidence from another area to support. For example, I e xpect Stu Dent to be a meticulous student, as he keeps very careful and accurate records as the Biology Club Treasurer.Evaluates the students motivation. Graduate study entails more than academic skills. Its a long haul that takes a great deal of perseverance.Evaluates the students maturity and psychological competence. Is the student mature enough to accept the responsibility and manage the inevitable criticisms and even failures that will accompany graduate study?Discusses the students strengths. What are his or her most positive attributes? Provide examples to illustrate.Its detailed. One of the most important things you can do in improving the effectiveness f your letter is to make it as detailed as possible. Dont just tell them about the student, show them. Dont just say that the student can understand complex topics or work well with others, provide detailed examples that illustrate your point.Its honest. Remember that although you want the student to get into graduate school, it is your name that is on the line. If the student really isnt a good fit for graduate study and you recommend him anyway, the faculty at that school potentially could remember and in the future take your letters less seriously. All in all, a good letter is highly positive and detailed. Remember that a neutral letter will not help your student. Recommendation letters, in general, are very positive. Because of that, neutral letters are viewed as negative letters. If you cant write a glowing letter of recommendation, then the most honest thing that you can do for your student is to tell him or her and decline their request to write a letter.

Essay on The Development Relief and Education for Alien...

Undocumented students are unable to further their education after completing the public education system. The Development Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act) was created by a proposal to cease penalizing children of illegal immigrants who were brought over to the United States by their parents at an early age. The DREAM Act includes many requirements that are necessary to be considered an applicant. The DREAM Act must be implemented in order to provide hard-working individuals greater opportunities, due to the fact that undocumented students are discriminated by cause of their illegal status. Over sixty-five thousand undocumented high school students graduate each year. Many undocumented students drop out of high†¦show more content†¦In addition to attending college, they must serve two years in the armed forces. The DREAM Act helps provide undocumented students financial assistance when attending college. Being undocumented presents many challenges i n education. Undocumented students face many obstacles throughout their lives because of their undocumented status. Being undocumented allows many people to discriminate against illegal individuals (Jones 1). Limits are put on undocumented students leaving them with a lower quality of education. Illegal immigrants are being driven out of the country, leaving the United States suffering economically (Peà ±a 1). Deportation is being summoned in order to try and repair the economic downfall of the United States. Undocumented students live with constant fear of being deported at any given time (Jones 1). They are unaware of how long they will be able to stay in the education system. Undocumented students do not possess the same rights as documented citizens (Jones 1). Many of the students are unable to afford college because they are not allowed to pay in-state tuitions. Immigrants are being forced out of their jobs (Peà ±a 1). Lacking an income, students are unable to afford going to college. Undocumented students cannot acquire any form of federal aid unlike citizens (Palacios 1). They have difficulties moving forward academically. Not being able to attend college after high school prevents students from being able toShow MoreRelatedThe Dream Act ( Development, Relief And Education For Alien Minors974 Words   |  4 Pagescountry, whether through the economy, education, work, or military services. Immigrants continue to move to the US so that they can live better lives. The DREAM ACT is very important and it should be pass to give opportunities these illegal children. The DREAM ACT (Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors) is proposed legislation that allows young and high achieving illegal immigrants to serve in the US military, and continue with higher education. This action will open opportunities forRead MoreThe Debate On Immigration Reform958 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract: Until the bill passed, much of the debate surrounding the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors, or DREAM Act, brought about legal, ethical, and logistical concerns. Illegal immigration and the population unauthorized alien in the United States were key issues in the ongoing debate on immigration reform. However, the benefits of this bill outweighed its disadvantages. Immigration policies in the United States concerning undocumented workers are strict and direct. EmployersRead MoreImmigration And Illegal Immigration1106 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigrants relocate to the United States annually (Storesletten, 2000). US Customs and Border Control offici als, have witnessed a significant increase in the number of â€Å"unaccompanied alien minors† from Latin America, anticipating 75,000 minors (if not more) from 2016 to 2017 (Rush, 2016). The average age for â€Å"unaccompanied alien minors† is 11 years old, of which more than a third are girls (NCSL, 2014). Children who migrate to the United States at a young age face challenges such as; school enrollment, obtainingRead MoreEffects Of The Printing Press1158 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a controversial initiative in the United States that grants minor immigrants residency in the country and ensures that their educational needs are met. While the act has claimed to be beneficial to a certain portion of the population, it is widely argued that the program’s cost-effectiveness and societal effects have been unproven since its inception, and therefore; an alternative program is needed to fulfill the gap . The followingRead Moreimmigration debate920 Words   |  4 Pagesenactment of the DREAM Act. Republicans however have strongly opposed it and have left little hope for any reform for illegal immigrants. However not passing the DREAM Act and stalling on reform for illegal immigrants is doing an injustice to these immigrants and most importantly to American citizens. Today many US citizens suffer from a depleting economy and anything that can help revive it should and must be done. I see the DREAM Act as a great opportunity to aid and provide relief to the economy. Read MoreThe DREAM Act Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesUS illegally by their parents when they were children, and have the status of an illegal immigrant. Despite the fact that these individuals have lived their entire lives in the US, this immigration status hinders their ability to obtain a higher education. Although an immigrant may have been residing in the state for years, they are not allowed to receive in-state tui tion for college and must pay the high out of state or the international student tuition instead. Due to the fact that they are illegalRead MoreEssay on Children Who Have a Dream900 Words   |  4 PagesDream Act bill was introduced to congress. Over the past ten years there has been a major conflict between Democrats, who are for passing of the bill, and Republicans, who are against passing this bill. This has lead to it always being defeated because it has not been able to receive the two-thirds majority vote that it needs to be passed. The most recent failed vote of this bill was December of 2010. The DREAM Act is also known as the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors. ThereRead MoreUndocumented Students From The United States1491 Words   |  6 Pagesconsideration, undocumented students are â€Å"foreign national individuals who entered the United States without inspection or with fraudulent documents.† There are programs to make it easier for und ocumented students to attain an education like the DREAM Act. Although the DREAM Act is in effect, this is still not enough for undocumented students to attend good colleges and get the same rights as a citizen of the United States. Undocumented students should live their life normally and get the same rightsRead MoreDream Act or Nightmare Act?1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, or DREAM Act of 2011, proposes to allow children of undocumented immigrants that were brought to the United States before their fifteenth birthday who have lived in America for at least five years straight to apply for permanent residency once they graduate from high school or achieve a GED. Conditionally, these children must be admitted into a college and complete a two-year degree or serve two years in the military. They must also beRead MoreAlien Minors Act921 Words   |  4 Pages The Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors Act was introduc ed in 2001, with yet to be completely passed into law, and was created in order to allow current, former, and future undocumented high-school graduates and GED recipients to pursue a three-step pathway to gain U.S. citizenship through work, college, or the armed services. The first step of this plan regards the recipient’s conditional permanent residence, meaning they have residential status for up to eight years. Secondly, the

Advance Directives Free Essays

What are advance directives? Advance directives are extremely important. It is essential that everyone make some sort of arrangement before an unfortunate situation happens to them where these decisions will need to be made. An advance directive is basically a living will or a written statement in which people state the type and amount of care they wish to receive during a terminal illness and as death approaches. We will write a custom essay sample on Advance Directives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical Law and Ethics stated that â€Å"Advance directives limit the type and amount of medical care and treatment that patients will receive if they should become incompetent and have a poor prognosis. It is important that directives are placed in writing; it is not sufficient for a person to just tell someone what his or her wishes for treatment are. The courts typically enforce written advance directives. † (pg 313) There are four types of advance directives. They are a living will, durable power of attorney for healthcare, uniform anatomical gift act, and a do not resuscitate order. The living will is a â€Å"document that a person drafts before becoming incompetent or unable to make healthcare decisions. † The durable power of attorney for healthcare is â€Å"A legal document that empowers another person (proxy) to make healthcare decisions for healthcare for an incompetent patient. It goes into effect after the person becomes incompetent and only pertains to healthcare decisions. † The uniform anatomical gift act is a â€Å"law that allows persons 18 years or older and of sound mind to make a gift of any part of their body for purposes of medical research or transplantation. † The do not resuscitate order is â€Å"an order placed into a person’s medical chart or medical record. It indicates that the person does not wish to be resuscitated if breathing stops. † (pg 103) How to cite Advance Directives, Essay examples

Essay on No Smoking Day

Question: Write an essay on health promotion "Essay on No Smoking Day"? Answer: This particular essay is concentrating on a recent health promotion No Smoking Day: 11th Marchthe day you start to stop for the people of East Lancashire (Lancashirecare.nhs.uk, 2015). It is the fact that Smoking habit is treacherous for health. There are several aspects that clarify the need for quit of smoking habit. Through this promotional campaign, it exemplifies how individual people will be benefitted by quitting smoking. The promotional campaign is tried to incorporate motivation theory inherently. Here, the main aim of this promotional campaign is to remind individual how quit of smoking habit, can really help them through the tough time. This indicates that the promotional campaign is trying to raise awareness, which supports a social change in the long run (PHE), 2015). The policy regarding no smoking not only helps to get healthier life but also a wealthier too. As per the campaign, it is noted that after one day of quitting smoking, an individual will have 8.50 pound, through which he or she can rent two movie or can downloaded a new album. At the same time, a one month break from smoking helps individual to save near about 255 pound, with which he or she can buy a Premiership football tickets or can arrange a weekend break (Keshavarz, 2013). On the other hand, as far health is concerned, it can be said that quitting smoking habit supports individual to improve heart rate as well as blood pressure level. Not only has that, this also helps to improve the breathing habits, which ultimately reduces the risk related to coronary heart disease. There is a range of polices related to smoking that this promotional campaign tired to explore within the community. Through this campaign, the NHS foundation trust aims to provide behavioral support as well as access to treatment. They have provided ring for service with specifying two numbers: 01772 644474 for Central Lancashire and 01254 283370 for East Lancashire. At the same time they have started a free phone service 0800 328 6297 (Nhs.uk, 2015). It is the fact that while considering the wider determinant of health, there is requiring identifying three major aspects such as the social and economic environment, the physical environment and the individual behavioral aspect. Now, if the smoking is considered in the context of social and economic environment, then it can be said that there are a list of aspects an individual can experience. First of all, due to the smoking habit, people will have limited social support. This will ultimately affect the income level of that particular person. At the same time, this also leads to low educational opportunities. In this context, it is noted that there is a strong relation exists between smoking and depression. Both epidemiological as well as clinical studies have shown that the posttraumatic stress disorder or the PTSD is mainly occurring due to smoking habits (Klausner, 2011). Again, if the environmental aspect is being considered here, then it can be said that Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) has followed a fact sheet, which explains that each and every year, 2.6 billion kilograms carbon di oxides has been released on air through smoking (Ash.org.uk, 2015). At the same time, smoking also releases 5.2 billion kilograms methane each and every year. Deforestation is another aspect of smoking. Keeping these aspects in mind, it can be said that this health promotion to stop smoking habits are very much significant in the perspective of current trends of biostatistics, which remarkably demonstrate that almost fifty lacks people are affected by the posttraumatic stress disorder or the PTSD in the year of 2014. It also explained that if there is no such effective approaches are taken for counteracting this critical situation, the population of older adults, affected by the posttraumatic stress disorder or the PTSD diseases, might reach almost 14 million by the year of 2050 (Who.int, 2015). After the various clinical studies, it can also review that there is a strapping connection between cigarette smoking and socio-economic group. Smoking has been recognized as the solitary prevalent source of inequality in death rates among high income and low income people in the UK. Not only has that, this also records for more than half of the differentiation in hazard of untimely loss among communal classes. In this context, it is also evidenced that demise rates from tobacco are remains sufficiently higher position in compared to other hazards aspects that the community evidenced over the time frame (Mantoura, 2012). Long term smoking habits and the various potential symptoms of depression as well as PTSD diseases are very much interrelated. This type of aspects can raise the risk of various fundamental systematic disorders like stroke, traumatic injury of brain, which can simultaneously leads to the possibilities of disorder in the context of the cognitive abilities (Health Promotion International. 2011). There is a list of people as well as authorities engaged to stop this smoking habit. First of all, the NHS foundation tried to implement several policies to reduce smoking through accessing a list of free services. Besides, the Public Health England also introduced tobacco control policies that will also reduce the smoking rate. Another authority named as QUIT also takes preventive steps to stop smoking all over the UK (QUIT, 2015). Thus, it can be said that such systematic health promotion is concerned about some fundamental activities for taking the necessary initiatives for the scientific development of different approaches relating to the healthy behaviour as well as for counteracting the various societal disorders. These fundamental activities are as follows like, development of the outline, on the base of which the various way of promoting the task of initiation regarding the healthy brain through the partnership of the sate as well as national level in the perspective of the relevant road map for the public health, which approaches taken for the five years. It mainly deals with the various kinds of approaches by the help of which, interesting prospect can be represented for the better impact as well as awareness in the older age people regarding the healthy life style as well as various adverse effect of smoking. It also including the various characteristics for the analyzing the essential requirement of the health care provider, who specially deals with stop smoking and develop the relevant management plan. References: (PHE), P., 2015.Local Tobacco Control Profiles for England. [online] Tobaccoprofiles.info. Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. Ash.org.uk, 2015.Smoking and health inequalities. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. Health Promotion International. (2011). Health Promotion International, 26(1), 129-131. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar010 Keshavarz, N. (2013). Health Promotion Thinking, Interpretation and Implementation in Iran: Capacities, and the Way Forward. Health Scope, 2(1), X-X. doi:10.5812/jhs.10642 Klausner, K. (2011). Menthol cigarettes and smoking initiation: a tobacco industry perspective. Tobacco Control, 20(Supplement 2), ii12-ii19. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.041954 Lancashirecare.nhs.uk, 2015.Health Promotion Calendar 2015. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. Mantoura, P., Potvin, L. (2012). A realist-constructionist perspective on participatory research in health promotion. Health Promotion International, 28(1), 61-72. doi:10.1093/heapro/das037 Nhs.uk, 2015.10 self-help tips to help you stop smoking - Live Well - NHS Choices. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. QUIT, 2015.QUIT Get Time Back. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. Who.int, 2015.WHO | The determinants of health. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015].

Gullivers Travels Essays - Gullivers Travels, Houyhnhnm, Yahoo

Gulliver's Travels Swifts Gullivers Travels is without question the most famous literature to emerge from this 18th century Tory satiric tradition. It is the strongest, funniest, and yet in some ways most despairing cry for a halt to the trends initiated by seventeenth-century philosophy. In Book IV, we discover how Gullivers journey into a discovery of what man is becomes a journey into madness. We encounter, here, a cruel attack on man. This is an attack using two of the most striking literary metaphors for man: the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos. The first are beings in every way like horses except for their possession of absolute reason; the second are creatures bearing an uncanny resemblance to man except for their animalistic brutality. Swifts use of these creatures, Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos, as an approach to the problem of the nature of man, has attracted more critical attention than has any other part of his work. Now, the first important question to ask of any satirist is how he or she achieves the necessary comic distortion, which transforms the familiar into the ridiculous. And Swifts main technique for achieving this--and a wonderful technique for satire--is the basic plot of science fiction: the voyage by an average civilized human being into unknown territory and his return back home. This apparently simple plot immediately opens all sorts of satiric possibilities, because it enables the writer constantly to play off three different perspectives in order to give us the reader a comic sense of what is very familiar. It can do this in the following ways: If the strange new country is recognizably similar to our culture, then comic distortions in the New World enable the writer to satirize the familiar in a host of different ways, providing, in effect, a cartoon style view of our world. If the strange new country is some sort of utopia--a perfectly realized vision of the ideals often proclaimed but generally violated in our world--then the satirist can manipulate the discrepancy between the ideal New World of the fiction and the corrupt world we live in to illustrate repeatedly just how empty the pretensions to goodness really are in our world. However, the key to this technique is generally the use of the traveler, the figure who is, in effect, the readers contemporary and fellow countryman. How that figure reacts to the New World can be a constant source of amusement and pointed satiric comment, because, in effect, this figure represents the contact between the normal world and the strange New World of either caricatured ridiculousness or utopian perfection. We can see Swift moving back and forth between the first two techniques, and this can create some confusion. For example, in much of Book I, Lilliput is clearly a comic distortion of life in Europe. The sections on the public rewards of leaping and creeping or the endless disputes about whether one should eat ones eggs by breaking them at the bigger or the smaller end or the absurdity of the royal proclamations are obvious and funny distortions of the court life, the pompous pretentiousness of officials, and the religious disputes familiar to Swifts readers. At the same time, however, there are passages where he holds up the laws of Lilliput as some form of utopian ideal, in order to demonstrate just how much better they understand true reasonableness than do the Europeans. In book II, he does the same: for most of the time the people of Brobdingnag are again caricatured distorted Europeans, but clearly, the King of Brobdingnag is an ideal figure. This shift in perspective on the New World is at times confusing. Swift is, in effect, manipulating the fictional world to suit his immediate satirical purposes. It is easy enough to see what he is doing, but it does, in some sense, violate our built-up expectations. Just how are we supposed to take Lilliput and Brobdingna--as a distorted Europe or as a utopia or what? This lack of a consistent independent reality to the fictional world which he has created is one of the main reasons why Gullivers Travels is not considered one of the first novels (since one of the requirements of a novel, it is maintained, is a consistent attitude

Henri Rousseau Vs Alphonse Mucha essays

Henri Rousseau Vs Alphonse Mucha essays Henri Rousseau, and Alphonse Mucha, have had very memorable lives. When people think of Henri Rousseau they think of all his amazing jungle scenes he has painted. When it comes to Alphonse Mucha, people remember his efforts of enforcing the Slav Epic. Whether it be dealing with style, purpose, lives, education, or origin, Henri Rousseau and Alphonse Mucha have many similarities as well as differences. Henri Rousseau and Alphonse Mucha both are considered to be in the symbolism category for their work. Both Mucha and Rousseaus work, traced back to their homelands. Rousseau is from Lavel, France and Mucha is from Invancice, Moravia, or the Czech Republic, as we know it today. As well as tracing their work back to their homelands, they were also influenced by the traditional forms of painting at the time. However, after years passed, they tried to stray away from the traditional form, creating their own forms of painting. On the other hand, Rousseau and Alphonses styles were quite different in many ways. First off, Muchas style consists of dynamic lines in geometric patterns. He achieves his dramatic effects of his pictures by the way he positions his figures and gets them to blend with the patterns. He leaves no empty spaces throughout the painting. While Rousseaus style never really changed throughout his career, his shapes and images are painted with little shadow. This portrays an overall stage-like effect. Design, shape, and color are very important to this painter. He also overlaps shapes to create a sense of shallow space, unlike Mucha. Regardless of what picture you are looking at, you will always see the differences between Mucha and Rousseaus work. Art came easily to the two painters. They taught themselves their own crafts and learned many different techniques after years went by. They both had a minimal amount of schooling behind them. Henri ...

Autism Late Diagnoses Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Autism Late Diagnoses - Research Proposal Example As a spectrum, it means that the earlier ASD is diagnosed, the better the chances of ensuring that the risk or rate of growth of severity does not increase to certain undesirable levels. However, there continues to be records and reports of late diagnoses of ASD in most children. In relation to the Waldorf approach to developmental stages in children, one would say that if ASD was diagnosed as early as the first stage, it would give medical experts so much hope and room for improving the lives of affected children, especially in terms of their academics. Purpose of the study Based on the background to the study presented above, the researcher seeks to set out a research work that has a purpose of identifying the developmental stages from the perspective of Waldorf approach and link this to Autism Spectrum Disorder late diagnoses. ... This purpose is made with the rationale that as much as autism may be a serious health and psychological problem for children, it should not be the basis for which children should suffer or be left behind in any sense in terms of their normal development as people. This is particularly so when it comes to the academic life of the children. Unfortunately though, the chances of achieving this goal reduces significantly if diagnosis is not made as early enough as possible. While looking at the issue of late diagnosis, the impact of different cultural perspectives will be linked to any possible causes. Aim and objectives To achieve the purpose of the study, an aim has been set for the study, which has further been broken down into specific objectives to signify the specific activities and tasks the researcher should be involved in to achieve the aim. The aim is given as finding the relationship between the developmental stages and autism spectrum disorder late diagnosis. The specific obj ectives to bring about this aim are given as follows. 1. To determine how the developmental stages as given by Waldorf are perceived by different cultures in terms of religious cultures, moderate cultures and liberal cultures 2. To underscore how the perception of developmental stages according to cultural differences help in avoiding or promoting late diagnoses of ASD. 3. To ascertain how children diagnosed with late with ASD can be helped to live healthy integrated lifestyles. Significance of the study Should the aims and objectives set above be achieved, there are a number of benefits that will be derived. In the first place, an understanding on the effect of cultural differences on ASD would help in finding a common perspective grounds for the issue

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Essay

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Korean-American on self-constructing - Essay Example They often feel confused about their identity. This has been of particular interest and has prompted me to study whether own culture has a stronger influence in self-formation or one gets influenced by the culture in which one has grown up. According to Hofstede, culture is something that is learned and therefore is embedded in a society or nation (Wong, Everett & Nicholson, 2008). It is a mental programming that is developed early in life and reinforced later through the process of socialization. Even the natural act of thinking is modified by culture. Culture has a deep impact on the life of people and hence it provides a structured and highly consistent way of living that is not deliberately constructed. Culture is an underlying system that shapes personality traits and behaviors. The period between 18 to 25 years of age is the time when young adults develop a subjective sense of identity through experimentation and explorations (Xu, Shim, Lotz & Almeida, 2004). This period is very critical for the young adults as the ethnic identity of the young forms and develops during this period. The ethnic identity, defined as the individual’s sense of self within an ethnic group, becomes an integral part of the ethnic young adults social identity and a vital component of his or her self-concept or self-image. Furedi (2007) while discussing how the culture of fear is formed, states that people vary greatly in how much culture they apply in their lives. This determines the kind of people they will become. This process of ‘self-forming’ draws from the symbolic resources of the wider culture. Habits of thought and feeling influence the way individuals make sense of their experience. Bilingualism is common among the immigrants in America. A study of the second generation Asian Americans revealed that bilingualism impacts academic achievement and social mobility (Mouw & Xie, 1999). Replacing the immigrant language by English has provoked sentiments from the

Human Resource Management - Yahoo Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Management - Yahoo - Coursework Example ent high numbers of employees who are highly paid do not create the required difference in order to improve the competitiveness of the company in the market. The demand for labor in Yahoo is based on pressure put by competitors. With only few qualified personnel in the market, the company is under pressure to hire new employees in order to prevent them from joining the rival firms. However, instead of the company hiring out of pressure, it should first maximize the returns by the existing subordinates. This is through providing them with a serene working environment where they can be able to maximize their potential through innovation. This would play a significant role in improving the competitive advantage of the company in the market. The first action that will strengthen the internal recruitment process is training of the panel that will be recruiting new employees. New recruits need to fit in the organizational structure. Therefore, the panel needs to ensure that they recruit an employee who would auger well with the current organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, through training, the panel will be able to select the best employees who will be able to integrate with the organizational culture. The internal recruitment process would be strengthened through drafting an effective performance appraisal. The drafting process should involve all the employees. This is through collecting their views on what they would like the performance appraisal to look like. This would make them feel appreciated and work hard because they are sure that the appraisal would be able to recognize their effort. The use of the performance appraisal would make the recruitment to be more transparent, an aspect that would motivate the employees to put more effort in order to be promoted. The Yahoo corporate strategy is to grow and become more competitive (Hill and Gareth 233). The employees understand the challenges that the company is going through. Therefore, this strategy

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer Experiment

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer Experiment Introduction When a beam of light is transmitted from air to glass, the ray is bent according to Snells law sin0air= nsin0glass Where the angles are measured from the surface normal (the line perpendicular to the surface) and n is the index of refraction of the glass. The index of refraction is a dimension-less number and is a measure of how strongly the medium bends light. The greater n is, the more the light is bent. The index of refraction of air is 1. For glass, n varies from 1.3 to 1.8, depending on the type of glass and on the wavelength of the light. White light is made up of all the colors of the rainbow red, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Different colors correspond to different wavelengths. Human eyes are sensitive to light with wavelengths in the range 390 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red) (1 nm = nanometer = 10-9 m). Range of human vision Glass has a greater index of refraction at shorter wavelengths, that is, it bends blue light more than red light. So a prism can be used to disperse white light into its component colors. Blue red wavelength In this experiment, we will use a prism spectrometer to measure the dispersion angle of various wavelengths. From the measurements, we will make a graph of the index of refraction vs. wavelength. The form of the curve of index of refraction as a function of wavelength, known as the Cauchy formula, is n = A + B/l2 Or n = A + (b/l)2 As a light source, we will use a mercury lamp, which emits light at several discrete wavelengths. The device we are using is called a prism spectrometer because, once the prism is calibrated, it can be used to measure the wavelengths of the lines in the spectra produced by various atoms. The spectra contain bright lines at particular wavelengths, which correspond to light emitted during the transition between different energy states of the atoms. You see distinct lines because the atoms exist only in distinct, quantized energy states. Trying to explain the data from such experiments— the existence and pattern of sharp spectral lines—led to the development of quantum mechanics. When a ray of light is refracted by a prism, the angle between the incoming and outgoing rays is called the angle of deviation (b). For a given prism and a given wavelength, the value of b depends on the angle between the incoming ray and the surface of the prism. b is minimum when the angles of the incoming and outgoing rays make equal angles with the prism surfaces. In this special symmetric case, the prisms index of refraction (n) is related to b and the apex angle of the prism N= The prisms that we will use all have a = 60 ° (exactly, we assume).There exist extensive tables of the line spectra of many elements. In the first part of the experiment, you will be using the known spectrum of mercury to calibrate your prism spectrometer. As a result, you have measured the curve of index of refraction as a function of wavelength. So if you measure a new line of a spectrum, you can calculate the index of refraction and use your curve to look up the wavelength for the new line. This process is used in identifying the elements present in unknown samples, such as the atmospheres of distant stars. The element helium, now used to inflate birthday balloons, was first discovered by observing the atmosphere of a nearby the star, the sun (helios is Greek for sun). In the last part of the experiment you will have the opportunity to measure the spectrum of a gas in this fashion. The fine prism spectrometers used in this lab were purchased in 1970 for $700 each. Today inferior models are available for $1700. Handle them with respect! Never force any parts!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ OBJECTIVES: Learn the theory of the prism spectrometer, and be able to explain the functions of its various components. Observe the spectrum of a mercury discharge lamp and record the angle of deviation for the spectral lines. Determine the index of refraction of a glass prism for various wavelengths. Use the calibrated prism to measure unknown wavelengths. Observe color sensation caused by light of particular wavelengths. Methodology 1. Become familiar with the spectrometer a) Identify each component: the black table, the prism table, the collimator, and the telescope b) Note the clamping screws and the fine adjustment screws for the telescope and the black table. Note the clamping screw for the prism table. c) Note how to adjust the telescope focus and the eyepiece. d) Note how to adjust the slit focusing in the collimator tube. Note how the slit width can be adjusted and how the slit orientation can be rotated. 2. Practice reading the angle from a precise protractor scale on the rim of the black table. Use the Vernier scale with the little magnifying glass to read the angle to the nearest arc minute. 3. Align the spectrometer In order to correctly measure angles with the spectrometer, we must first align it. To do so, use the following steps: a) Telescope focus: Do not put the prism onto the silver table yet. That will come later. Notice that there are two knobs associated with the telescope. They are located directly under the telescope barrel. One points along the barrel and one is perpendicular to it. The knob that is along the barrel will lock the telescope’s position and will prevent it from rotating. When it is locked down in this way, you can use the other knob for a fine adjustment, to rotate it by very small amounts. If the telescope is not unlocked, turn the knob that is parallel to the barrel counterclockwise until you can freely rotate the telescope. Turn the telescope so that it is not pointing at the collimator but is instead aimed at something as far away from you in the room as possible. Now rotate the focus adjustment (See diagram on page 5) until you can see through the telescope clearly. You may notice that the image is upside down. This is normal. Just ensure that it is as clear and in focus as you can. After this adjustment, you should not adjust the focus of the telescope again. b) Telescope alignment: Now place a white light (desk lamp) in front of the slit on the end of the collimator (in the diagram on page 5, the desk lamp goes where the â€Å"HG lamp† is pictured). Now rotate the telescope until it is pointed at the collimator. You should imagine a straight line going from the lamp through the collimator, and through the telescope. By looking through the telescope, you should be able to line up the crosshair with the slit in the far end of the collimator. By locking down the telescope and using the fine adjustment (the knob perpendicular to the one that you used to lock down the telescope) you should be able to do this very accurately. If you are unable to see the slit, it may be closed too tightly. You can widen and narrow the slit by rotating the adjuster on the collimator (it is located on the far end of the collimator, much like the focus for the telescope). This will adjust the slit width, but will not focus the slit. If the slit does not have very crisp edges when you look through the telescope, move the end of the collimator near the lamp in and out to focus it. If your slit is not vertical in the telescope, you can also rotate it so that it is. Once you have a nice thin, well-focused slit, with your crosshairs centered on it and your telescope locked down, you are now ready to align the scales to read the angle. c) Angle adjustment: If you look below the set of knobs that control the telescope, you will see another pair of knobs that look identical to the ones for the telescope. These knobs perform the same functions (locking down and fine adjustment) for the black table itself. If you unlock the black table, you can rotate it. Notice that there are two windows in which you can read an angle. We want to rotate the table until one of the windows has 0 (zero) lined up with 0 (zero) or 360 (since a circle is 360 degrees, 360 is the same as 180. If at all possible, we should try to use set it so that this window is to the left of the telescope (as we are looking over the barrel toward the lamp) because this will make reading our angle easiest. (Please have a look at the diagram on page 5) On some scopes there is a small magnifier attached to the black table over one window, and this would also be advantageous to use. Once you have aligned them, you will lock down the black table and will not rot ate it again. From now on, we will only rotate the telescope. d) Prism placement: Now you should place the prism in the center of the silver table. Recall that light is bent toward the base of the prism, so it should be placed on the silver table so that the gray plastic part makes a â€Å"C† shape if you were to look at it from the telescope side of the apparatus. Now, without moving the telescope, move your head to the left (about to where the telescope is rotated to in the diagram on page 5) and look into the prism. You will have to put your head down at the height of the telescope/collimator. Now rotate the silver table clockwise until you can see a nice rainbow like spectrum â€Å"inside† the prism. (You should notice that the rainbow is inside of a black circle. You are seeing the light coming out of the collimator and bent through the prism.) If it does not look like a very nice, bright, well-formed rainbow, you probably do not have your head in the right place; move further left and try to rotate the silver table back and forth. Once you have found it, unlock the telescope (not the black table) and rotate it to the left where you were looking. Now look through the telescope, and you should be able to find the rainbow. We are now in about the right place to find our spectrum with the mercury vapor lamp and to adjust for the minimum angle of deviation. e) Minimum angle of deviation: Now, remove the white light and replace it with the mercury vapor lamp. You will want to move the lamp until it is aligned with the slit. To do this, look through the telescope and move the lamp back and forth until it is nice and bright in the telescope. Instead of a complete rainbow, you should now see only certain bands of color. If your bands do not look nice and sharp, you may have to adjust your slit focus or width. Some lines are better seen if you tighten the slit. (The lamp should be very close to the slit.) Move the telescope back and forth until you get the crosshair lined up on the green band. Now look back to the diagram on page 5. We want to make the angle b as small as possible. To do this, rotate the silver table back and forth just a little bit. You should be able to get the green line to move to the right. Now realign the crosshair on the green line and rotate the silver table a little bit again. Then realign the crosshair on the green line. You should repeat this process until no matter which way you rotate the silver table, the green line goes to the left, not the right. When this occurs, and the green line is as far as you can get it to go to the right, you are at the minimum angle of deviation. This angle should be around 51 or 52 degrees for the green line. If it is not, you may not have aligned the scales correctly, please repeat steps c, d, and e from above. (Record it below). Every time that you do a different color, you will have to repeat this process. f) Record the prism number and read the deviation angle on the protractor. Prism # _______ b = _______  ° _______ ’ = ___________ ° 4. Measure the angle of deviation for each of the spectral lines of the Mercury lamp. The wavelengths and colors of the spectral lines are given in the table below. While making measurements, unclamp and rotate the prism table to check that the prism is oriented for minimum angle of deviation for the red, green, and blue lines. When measuring very closely spaced lines, like the double yellow lines, make the slit very narrow and check the focus. When measuring dim lines, make the slit wider.

Energy Crisis: Is America In Trouble :: essays research papers fc

Global energy crisis threatens, scientist says CHICAGO (April 17, 1997) -- An impending global energy crisis with potentially massive impact on American industry and jobs can be avoided if America strives for a portfolio of energy systems, a distinguished scientist said here today. In advocating an end to name-calling between energy advocates and environmentalists, Alan Schriesheim said, "We cannot set effective energy policy in an environmental vacuum, nor can we set effective environmental policy in an energy vacuum." Schriesheim, director emeritus at Argonne National Laboratory, spoke at a gathering sponsored by the Chicago Academy of Sciences at the University Club of Chicago. Energy demand will soar worldwide over the next 20 years, he said. "What do you think might happen," he asked the audience, "to the world's energy needs and environmental concerns if we added a new United States to the planet every three years for the next 20 years? This is not an academic question. The world population today is growing at exactly that rate, and it is projected to continue growing at that rate through 2020." The bulk of that population growth will come in the poorer countries, Schriesheim said, "places where talk of energy policy comes second to talk of food and shelter and survival; places where, if the only affordable fuel is growing in the rain forest, you will take that fuel today without a moment's thought of the consequences tomorrow." The Argonne scientist's talk was titled "What Every High School Graduate Should Know About Energy," and was part of the Chicago Academy of Sciences lecture series "Science Literacy for the 21st Century: What Should Every High School Graduate Know?" Schriesheim told the audience that world population growth of more than 86 million people per year is "the equivalent of adding two cities the size of Chicago to the planet each month." "So not only will all the Earth's current population demand more energy in the years ahead," he said, "those billions of new people are going to want their share too." Schriesheim chided energy executives who dismiss environmental concerns, and environmentalists who dismiss the energy production potential of fossil fuels, flowing water, and uranium in favor of so-called "renewable" energy sources such as solar energy. He said that for the next several generations renewables -- such as solar, wind, and farm-grown energy crops -- are expected to provide only 2 to 4 percent of global energy supplies.